Veterinarians' opinions on how long it normally takes for a cow to shed its placenta still differ. Some people think that there is no need to panic if the placenta has not been delivered within three days, others recommend waiting a day and taking action. Coming to a general opinion, experts warn that the placenta should leave 12 hours after calving. If this does not happen, the cow needs help to avoid serious health consequences and even death.
What causes the delay?
Many literary sources write that the release of membranes after calving should occur in a cow no later than 12 hours, while a delay in the release of the placenta by 8-9 hours, in most cases, requires the intervention of a specialist. In old-time cows and those bearing several calves at once, this time can be extended to 16 hours.
The reasons why the placenta does not come off on its own may be as follows:
- insufficient tone of the uterus or complete cessation of contractions of the organ - occurs due to insufficient physical activity of the cow. If an animal walks less than 10 kilometers a day, muscle tissue, including the uterine tissue, relaxes. As a result, the organ cannot independently expel the membranes;
- obesity and metabolic disorders – observed as a result of overfeeding, the predominance of sour pulp, fermented corn grain, and silage in the cow’s diet;
- deficiency of vitamins and nutrients - calcium, phosphorus, selenium and vitamin E;
- protracted labor - more often the placenta does not pass away on its own if two calves are born or one, but too large fetus, especially if it is not located correctly in the uterus;
- too frequent childbirth, leading to excessive stretching of the muscles of the uterine walls;
- systemic diseases (brucellosis, vibriosis) causing caruncle turgor;
- infectious pathologies in the tissues of the uterus and amniotic fluid (chorion), leading to fusion of the fetal part with the maternal part of the placenta.
In order for the placenta to pass on its own, the full maturity of the placenta is important. With a lack of the hormone estrogen, which is responsible for the maturation of placental tissue, problems arise with the separation of membranes, more often in young cows and first-calf heifers.
Signs and symptoms
If the placenta does not come out on its own within the required time, it is important to call a veterinarian who will perform an examination and note warning signs:
- the animal looks tired and depressed, refuses food and water;
- the cow's temperature rises;
- the animal hunches over and arches its back;
- there are regular attempts similar to the urge to urinate;
- The cow's milk supply decreases.
When the placenta has not completely passed away, and large pieces of the fetal membrane remain in the uterus, after 1-2 days they will begin to decompose due to the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms inside the organ. The cow begins to have a mucous-bloody discharge, sometimes mixed with pus, which has a strong, unpleasant odor.
Diagnostic measures
The veterinarian can diagnose that the placenta could not pass away on its own based on the characteristic clinical picture. It is necessary to palpate the uterine cavity and vagina.
Treatment methods
Starting treatment in the early postpartum period, if the placenta has not separated on its own, will prevent negative consequences for the health of the cow and quickly give a positive effect. The animal needs quality care, feeding, and plenty of clean water.
First of all, conservative therapy is used, aimed at self-separation of the remnants of the placenta. It begins within 8-16 hours after calving.If the birth was difficult, it is recommended to start drug treatment immediately, without waiting for complications. Only if it is ineffective is manual cleaning of the uterus indicated.
Operation
If the placenta still does not come out on its own within 16 hours after calving, and conservative therapy does not produce positive results, it is necessary to select placental tissue from the uterus manually. This should only be done by a specialist. It is recommended to collect the placenta 2-3 days after calving, since it will be problematic to do this earlier and the risk of developing postpartum hemorrhage increases.
You should also not delay cleaning longer, since the decomposition of the membranes will cause general intoxication of the animal’s body.
Even with a highly qualified veterinarian, he is not always able to completely remove the remnants of the placenta, which is why the cow has to be treated with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs in the future. After manual cleaning of the uterus, the animal is shown antibiotics injected into the organ:
- "Penocefur" is a third generation antibiotic with a broad spectrum of action. Forms foam that destroys pathogenic microflora. Has a minimal number of side effects, does not affect the quality and quantity of milk;
- "Carotyl" is an intrauterine antimicrobial agent with bacteriostatic and antioxidant properties. The substances included in the drug help reduce inflammation and accelerate tissue healing.
Immediately after the operation, it is important to prevent intoxication and inject the animal intravenously with 200 milliliters of 40% glucose and 200 milliliters of 10% calcium chloride solution. To improve the discharge of lochia, you can do a rectal massage of the uterus.
Medicines
Even with the veterinarian’s efforts to remove the placenta completely, this is not always possible, which can lead to endometritis. Immediately after cleaning the uterus, 3-4 suppositories with disinfecting properties must be introduced into the organ cavity:
- "Iodopen";
- "Gynobiotic";
- "Metromax";
- "Nifumen";
- "Enroflon".
Intrauterine drugs must be administered twice a day until the cervix closes, making the use of such drugs no longer possible.
The drug “Ikhglukovit” has a good antimicrobial effect - it is administered by injection, in addition to drugs in the form of suppositories and vaginal tablets. A single dosage is 40 milliliters, divided into two injections (20 milliliters on each side from the base of the cow's tail into the paravaginal tissue and pelvic cavity). The product is used every other day until the foul-smelling discharge completely disappears (on average, 7-10 days).
Hormonal agents
It is recommended to use hormonal drugs before manual intervention to cleanse the uterus, when the placenta does not separate on its own within the prescribed time. The main hormonal agent that helps in the expulsion of the membranes is Oxytocin. In a dose of 50 milliliters, it promotes contraction of the uterine muscles and separation of the remnants of the placenta with their subsequent release to the outside.
Another effective hormonal drug is Magestrophan. The substance it contains, cloprostenol (a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2a), promotes rapid resorption of the corpus luteum formed during pregnancy and increased contractile activity of the uterus. Dosage for a cow – 3-4 milliliters 6-12 hours after calving.
The drug "Uterobag", used to improve the discharge of the placenta, contains propranolol hydrochloride, which affects endogenous oxytocin.An increase in hormone levels leads to uterine contractions and expulsion of the placenta. To achieve the effect, “Uterobag” is injected into a vein three times at intervals of 12 hours.
When the uterus independently cleans itself of the remnants of the placenta, Endometramag Green liquid suppositories are injected intrauterinely in a dosage of 150 milliliters. The product effectively suppresses viral, fungal and bacterial flora, preventing further infection of the uterus and the development of the inflammatory process.
Antibiotics
Antibacterial drugs are used to remove an acute inflammatory process in the uterus, accompanied by an increase in the animal’s temperature, the release of foul mucus with purulent inclusions, and also after manual cleaning of the uterus. Modern, cattle-safe means:
- "Ceftiomax" is a broad-spectrum drug from the group of third-generation cephalosporins. Effectively acts on the most common pathogens of necrobacteriosis and causing the development of post-calving endometritis. The dosage is selected based on the cow’s body weight - 1 milliliter per 50 kilograms of weight. One injection is given per day, the course of treatment is 5-7 days;
- "Bicillin 3" is an antibiotic from the group of semisynthetic penicillins. An adult cow is administered 10,000 units once every 3 days for two weeks;
- "Ceftimag" is a drug based on ceftiofur, a third generation cephalosporin. If the placenta is not cleared after calving and endometritis develops, the drug is administered once daily in a course of 3-5 days at the rate of 1 milliliter per 100 kilograms of weight.
There is no need to try to give the cow an antibiotic in the form of tablets - the animal will not eat the bitter medicine, and its condition may worsen by the development of digestive disorders and diarrhea.
Folk recipes
To make the afterbirth easier to separate, traditional methods are also used if the cow’s owner does not have the opportunity to call a veterinarian for help:
- frequent milking of a cow - helps to increase the level of oxytocin, which is responsible for the contractility of the uterus;
- feeding the animal a sweet solution - 400 grams of sugar diluted in a liter of water (the cow must drink at least 2 liters of liquid);
- collecting amniotic fluid and feeding it to the cow - substances present in the fluid increase the activity of uterine contractions and facilitate the passage of the placenta.
In difficult situations, when the health and life of the cow is in danger, it is better not to use folk remedies, but to contact an experienced veterinarian for an emergency solution to the problem.
Possible consequences
If the placenta does not pass for a long time, the cow may develop health problems in the future - inability to inseminate, infertility. If you ignore dangerous symptoms, the animal develops endometritis - inflammation of the uterine mucosa of bacterial etiology, which can be complicated by mastitis. If therapeutic measures are not taken within several days, they provoke further blood poisoning and can lead to the death of the cow.
Preventive measures
To ensure that cows do not have problems with the passage of the placenta, it is important to observe prevention - to avoid causes that provoke weak labor and retained membranes. It is necessary to follow a proper diet, enriched with vitamins and minerals, and graze animals daily, giving them the opportunity to actively move.
You can introduce additional portions of vitamin E by injection or as part of the feed, but not during the dry period, so as not to provoke placental abruption and oxygen starvation of the calf.
Delayed or incomplete passage of the placenta is a common problem among cows, which, in the absence of timely treatment, negatively affects reproductive function. Prevention of labor disorders and high-quality complex therapy help prevent serious complications for the health of the cow.
