Description of the varieties and characteristics of Muscat grapes and cultivation features

There is an opinion that grape varieties from the Muscat group should only be grown by winemakers who have the opportunity to organize plantations in warm countries. This is due to the fact that grape crops belonging to this category are quite whimsical. But breeders have long developed varieties that can successfully germinate in variable, cool climates. For example, in the cities of Central Russia.


Pros and cons of Muscat grape varieties

Many people have a sincere love for the unusual taste of Muscat grape varieties. Ripe fruits are very sugary, which is why they have a pronounced sweetness. Muscats have a multifaceted taste and aroma with notes of flowers, caramel, herbs, berries and, of course, musk.

They are suitable for making various wines. This is due to both the diversity of species and the fertility of most of them. With proper care, grapes can “occupy” the entire plot and the surrounding area. Accordingly, one of the main advantages is high fertility (on average, it is 50-60 centners of crop per 1 hectare of land).

Muscats contain phytoncides. These are biologically active substances that significantly suppress the growth of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora in the intestine. It is curious that phytoncides are found not only in grapes, but also in onions, garlic, and pine cones.

The main disadvantage of muscats is their whimsical nature. This applies to classic non-hybrid varieties.

Muscat grape crops are heat- and light-loving. They are recommended to be planted in a suitable climate and in elevated areas. Therefore, such varieties are common in Crimean, Moldavian and Georgian vineyards. But this does not mean that all varieties require special conditions. Scientists have developed hybrid varieties that can withstand significant frosts and are resistant to common fungal diseases and gray mold.

ripe grapes

The best varieties of muscat grapes - description and characteristics

Some varieties stand out from the rest. These include:

  1. Black.
  2. Pink.
  3. Hamburg.
  4. Alexandrian.
  5. Hungarian.
  6. Incense (White).

They are the most famous and are used to make the best varieties of wine. There are also many varieties of Frankincense, Black and Rose grapes. They differ in their characteristics.

ripe grapes

White extra early

White extra-early Muscat grapes have the property of increased sugar accumulation. In ripe berries, the sugar content reaches 25-30%, which allows this species to be used for the production of sweet dessert wines.

General characteristics of the species:

  • not resistant to frost, dies at temperatures of -20 ° C and below;
  • ripens in about 120 days, preferably planted in early spring;
  • not resistant to common fungal diseases;
  • average in fertility, from one hectare harvests from 50 centners;
  • the berries are small (2-3 grams), as are the clusters (up to 500 grams);
  • place of origin: Egypt or Arabia.

White extra early

Muskat Shatilova

Muscat Shatilova is a hybrid white grape variety. This species is notable for the fact that it was created specifically for cultivation in the Russian climate. That is, the grapes are resistant to frost and temperature changes, precipitation. It does not have to be planted in high ground. The variety is unpretentious, rarely gets sick and does not require frequent watering. Average in fertility.

Description of the species:

  • ripening by the end of August - beginning of September;
  • frost resistance is above average (up to -30 ˚С);
  • medium-sized berry (4-6 grams) and bunch (up to 1000 grams);
  • sugar content – ​​from 16 to 20%;
  • place of origin: Russia.

Muskat Shatilova

The berries have a yellow-golden hue and light green veins. As a rule, they have a moderate musky odor and a sweet taste.

Black

The Black Muscat grape, according to some sources, originated in Crimea at the end of the 19th century.It still actively grows on this peninsula, as well as in the south of France. It is grown in warm climates, on elevated surfaces of the earth (mainly on slopes). The main name of black nutmeg: Kalaba or Kayaba. This species is distinguished by above-average productivity, the fruitfulness of the shoots is more than 60%.

Description of the variety:

  • milk mushrooms are medium-sized (up to 1000 grams), as are berries (up to 10 grams);
  • sugar content – ​​up to 20%;
  • frost resistance is low, light sensitivity is high;
  • the yield is, on average, 60 centners per 1 hectare;
  • ripening takes from 130 to 150 days;
  • the species is resistant to fungal diseases, but is susceptible to attacks by leaf rollers;
  • ripe berries are dark blue.

Black grapes

Callaba is a sweet Muscat suitable for making dessert wines.

Muscat of Hamburg

Hamburg Muscat is a dark grape variety. It first appeared in England, but is now distributed almost throughout the world. This type of nutmeg can be found in Ukraine, Moldova, France, Tunisia, and Italy.

Characteristics of Hamburg Muscat grapes:

  • heat-loving (dies at -19 °C);
  • moderate light-loving (can be planted on a flat surface);
  • high susceptibility to diseases, fragile comb;
  • the yield is unstable, can reach 70 centners per hectare, but usually fluctuates between 30-40 centners;
  • the fruits are medium-sized (2-4 grams), small clusters (200-350 grams);
  • the shade of the berries is blue-violet, dark;
  • sugar content – ​​up to 22%.

Muscat of Hamburg

The value of this grape lies in the fact that it produces high-quality wine with the right taste and aroma.

Golodrigi

Classic Golodrigi is a versatile Muscat grape, named after the Ukrainian scientist and breeder with the corresponding surname. It was he who developed this variety by crossing Magarach and Koroleva. Golodrigi is highly resistant to drought and frost, fungal diseases and viruses. These grapes are high-yielding (up to 150 centners can be harvested from 1 hectare). It is trouble-free, medium-ripening (120-135 days) and suitable for growing in variable climates.

Characteristics of the variety:

  • sugar content – ​​up to 23%;
  • frost resistance – up to -24 °C;
  • The average weight of a milk mushroom is 300 grams, one berry is 2-3 grams.

Golodrigi grapes

There are several varieties of this grape, among which the most sugary variety is the Memory of Golodriga variety. It contains 29% sugar.

Blau

The Blau grape is a noble Muscat that was bred in Switzerland. Classic red wines with a pronounced musky aroma are made from this species. In general, Blau is unpretentious, resistant to frost (down to -27 °C) and fungal diseases. At the same time, it is often attacked by flying insects, in particular wasps. This variety can be planted anywhere, not necessarily on a slope or other elevation. Blau requires careful care, watering and processing.

 Blau grapes

The berries have a rich dark blue hue and weigh, on average, 5-6 grams. The entire bunch usually does not exceed 500 grams in weight. The ripening of this nutmeg lasts from 120 to 130 days.

Muscat grape varieties by category

Some are interested in the most unpretentious varieties of Muscat, while others are interested in the most suitable for winemaking. In order to choose the best option for a particular case, you need to familiarize yourself with the representatives of each category.

Fast ripening

The fastest ripening varieties include the following:

  1. Muscat Amber – the grapes ripen in 110-120 days. Low resistance to frost (kills at -20 °C) and fungal diseases. The clusters are small (200-250 grams), the berries are medium (2-3 grams). High-yielding - 80-90 centners of harvest per hectare of land. The species is intended for cultivation in Central Asian regions.
  2. Donskoy - ripens in 115-125 days. It is highly resistant to frost (up to -28 °C). Don Muscat is a grape with a pronounced Muscat taste and smell. The clusters are small (up to 300 grams), as are the berries. Productivity is average, one plant accounts for about 50% of fruiting shoots. The grapes are resistant to fungal diseases.
  3. Muscat Red super early is a grape that ripens in 95-100 days. It can usually be harvested as early as July. This variety is resistant to frosts down to -26 °C and to gray rot. Productivity is high (80-90 centners per hectare). The clusters weigh up to 350 grams, individual berries - 2-4 grams.
  4. Summer - ripens in 100-120 days. It is distinguished by large berries (8-9 grams) and clusters (up to 1000 grams). It has an interesting herbaceous taste and a faint musky smell. The Summer Muscat grape variety is unpretentious, resistant to frost down to -25 °C, as well as to diseases and pests.
  5. Moscow nutmeg - ripens in 100-115 days. Not resistant to frost, mildew and oidium. The yield is high, reaching 100 centners per hectare. The sugar content in Moscow Muscat grapes is slightly higher than average (about 17%). One berry weighs 4 grams, a bunch weighs about 500 grams.

Moscow Muscat

Highly resistant to cold and disease

Muscats, resistant to cold, pests and fungal diseases, are ideal for growing in Russian cities.They are usually unpretentious and do not require special care.

These varieties include:

  1. Odessa Muscat grapes are resistant to frost down to -27 °C, mildew and oidium. Sugar content is on average 20%. Ripening takes from 130 to 150 days. Productivity is average. A bunch of Moscow nutmeg weighs approximately 300-400 grams, one berry weighs 2-3 grams.
  2. Pridonsky muscat is resistant to frost down to -30 °C, to mildew, oidium and gray mold. Sugar content is high (about 25%). Ripening is medium late, taking from 130 to 140 days. The yield of Pridonsky Muscat grapes is below average; usually it is possible to collect no more than 30-40 centners per hectare of land. The clusters are small, weighing 200-300 grams, berries - 2.5 grams.
  3. Muscat de Codru is resistant to frost down to -29 °C and to the most common fungal diseases. Sugar content – ​​up to 18%. High yield (up to 90% of fruitful shoots per bush). Medium-sized bunches, weighing up to 800 grams. The berries weigh 7-8 grams.
  4. Muscat of Alexandria – resistant to frost down to -28 °C, mildew and oidium. Sugar content varies from 15 to 30%. Productivity also varies greatly from case to case, but can reach 110 centners per 1 hectare (on average - 70-80 centners). The clusters and berries are small.

Muscat of Alexandria

The most prolific varieties

The most prolific Muscat grapes include the Early Pink grape. The number of fruitful shoots in this species ranges from 85 to 95%. In this case, the period of full ripening takes from 95 to 100 days. This grape is not resistant to frost and often gets sick, so it needs to be carefully looked after.

New hybrid varieties, such as Muscat Lyubimy and Noble, are also highly fertile.

They both consistently produce 80-90 centners of harvest per hectare of land. At the same time, hybrid varieties practically do not get sick and tolerate cold well. Muscat Noble "survives" temperatures down to -26 °C, and Muscat - up to -24 °C.

Landing Features

It is advisable to plant almost all muscats on elevated areas and slopes so that they are constantly exposed to the sun. This way the grapes accumulate more sugar, ripen faster and produce a good harvest.

planting grapes

For each seedling you need to dig a separate hole with a depth and width of approximately 80-100 centimeters. When planting cuttings in one row, you need to calculate the distance between them; it should be at least 1 meter, preferably 1.5. You should also be sure to install a support under each hole in the form of a peg.

In the hole itself, you need to make a small mound of soil, and then place the seedling on it, after straightening the roots of the plant.

Next, you should sprinkle everything with earth, and tie the grapes to a peg. Before planting, you can drain the soil by placing crushed stone into it to a depth of no more than 10-15 centimeters. This is done if the ground is waterlogged. When planting grapes in the cold season, you should immediately add mulch to the soil surface. It is also advisable to fertilize the soil with humus or peat.

Muscat of Alexandria

Tips for growing and caring

In order to properly grow Muscat grapes, you need to consider these recommendations:

  1. For the winter, almost all muscats need to be covered, even if they are quite resistant to frost. Especially if the plants are grown in cold regions with harsh winters. At temperatures below -25 °C, many nutmegs begin to die.
  2. For a full-fledged plantation covering a large area, a drip irrigation and soil spraying system is required. It needs to be “activated” during active grape growth. As soon as the berries begin to ripen, the number and volume of watering must be reduced, otherwise the harvest will be watery and unsweetened.
  3. Muscats must be processed every year, preferably in early spring or autumn. For treatment, you can use Quadris, Paracelsus, Sirocco or other products belonging to the group of insecticides/fungicides. These drugs are used to control diseases and pests. Insecticides are intended to kill insects, fungicides are intended to prevent fungal diseases.

In order to provide ideal conditions for the grapes, you need to use a trellis - a special design that provides good support for the plant.

You should also periodically (once every 2-4 weeks) loosen the soil between the rows and near the roots of the seedlings, without touching the plant itself.

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